Phentermine (Ionamin, Adipex) is a stimulant drug that is used in the short-term treatment for weight loss adjunct to diet, exercise, and behavioral therapy.

Phentermine (Adipex-P) Uses:

• Obesity (short-term adjunct):
  • It is indicated for the short-term treatment of weight loss as an adjunct to diet, exercise, and behavioral therapy in patients with an initial body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m² or ≥27 kg/m² and comorbid conditions such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, and controlled hypertension.

Phentermine is recommended in combination with topiramate for weight loss. It is available by the brand name of Qsymia. The other five weight loss pills recommended by the AACE and ACE are:

1. Orlistat (Xenical)
2. Liraglutide (Victoza)
3. Lorcaserin (Belviq) - Recently withdrawn because of carcinogenic effects
4. Naltrexone ER/ Bupropion ER (Contrave)
5. Phentermine/ Topiramate (Qsymia)

Phentermine (Adipex-P) Dose in Adults

 Note:

• In the US, Suprenza has been withdrawn for more than a year.
• In terms of the salt, phentermine hydrochloride, dosing is described (not as phentermine base).

Phentermine (Adipex-P) Dose in the short-term treatment of Obesity as an adjunct to diet and behavioral therapy:

• Capsule, tablet (excluding Lomaira):
  • 15 to 37.5 mg/day in one or two divided doses.
  • The lowest effective dose should be used to achieve adequate response and minimal side effects.
• Tablet (Lomaira only):
  • 8 mg thrice daily.
  • The lowest effective dose should be used to achieve adequate response and minimal side effects.
• Orally disintegrating tablet (ODT):
  • One tablet 15 to 37.5 mg once a day in the morning.
  • The lowest effective dose should be used to achieve adequate response and minimal side effects.

Use in children:

Refer to adult dosing.   

Pregnancy Risk Factor X

• It is not recommended for pregnant women.
• Obesity has been linked to adverse fetal outcomes. Weight loss medication should be avoided during pregnancy.

Use of phentermine while breastfeeding

• It is not recommended for lactating mothers.
• It is unknown if the drug is excreted into breastmilk. Other amphetamines were detected in breastmilk.

Phentermine (Adipex-P) Dose in Kidney Disease:

Capsule, tablet (excluding Lomaira):

• eGFR ≥30 mL/minute/1.73 m²:
  • It should be used with caution as the systemic exposure of the drug is increased. However, the manufacturer has not provided any adjustments in the dose.
• eGFR 15 to 29 mL/minute/1.73 m²:
  • The maximum dose of 15 mg/day should not be exceeded.
• eGFR <15 mL/minute/1.73 m²:
  • It has not been studied in severe kidney disease and should be avoided.
• End-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring dialysis:
  • It has not been studied in patients with ESRD and should be avoided.

Tablet (Lomaira only):

• It should be used with caution as the systemic exposure of the drug is increased.
• However, the manufacturer has not provided any adjustments in the dose as it has not been studied in patients with kidney disease.

Phentermine (Adipex-P) Dose in Liver disease:

• It has not been studied in patients with liver disease.
• Adjustments in the dose have not been provided by the manufacturer.   

Side effects of Phentermine (Adipex-P):

• Cardiovascular:
  • Hypertension
  • Ischemia
  • Palpitations
  • Tachycardia
• Central Nervous System:
  • Dizziness
  • Dysphoria
  • Euphoria
  • Headache
  • Insomnia
  • Overstimulation
  • Psychosis
  • Restlessness
• Dermatologic:
  • Urticaria
• Endocrine & Metabolic:
  • Change In Libido
• Gastrointestinal:
  • Constipation
  • Diarrhea
  • Gastrointestinal Distress
  • Unpleasant Taste
  • Xerostomia
• Genitourinary:
  • Impotence
• Neuromuscular & Skeletal:
  • Tremor

Contraindications to Phentermine (Adipex-P):

• Any phentermine, other sympathomimetic amines, or formulation component-related allergic reactions or idiosyncrasies;
• a history of cardiovascular diseases 
• hyperthyroidism;
• glaucoma;
• agitated states;
• Past history of drug abuse;
• Concomitant use or use within 14 days of an MAO inhibitor;
• pregnancy;
• breast-feeding

Warnings and Precautions

• CNS effects
  • It may result in central nervous system depression, which may impair the patient's ability to do duties that call for mental acuity, such as operating heavy machinery or a vehicle.
• Heart Failure:
  • The AHA has categorised it as a substance with a major potential for cardiac deterioration (AHA [Page 2016,]).
• Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH).
  • Rarely, phentermine has been linked to serious, sometimes fatal, pulmonary hypertension.
  • Combining fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine can increase the risk of developing pulmonary hypertension.
  • Stop treating patients with syncope, pedal edoema, or new-onset dyspnea or chest discomfort.
• Heart disease of the valvular kind:
  • Combining phentermine with dexfenfluramine and fenfluramine can lead to serious regurgitant heart disease.
  • This affects primarily the mitral, Aortic, and Tricupid valves.
  • Rarely, phentermine is the only drug that has caused new-onset valvular heart disease.
• Cardiovascular disease
  • Stimulant drugs can increase blood pressure and heart rate, which could lead to an exacerbation or worsening of existing heart disease and hypertension.
  • Patients with advanced cardiac conditions such as cardiomyopathy and rhythm abnormalities should avoid it.
• Diabetes:
  • Hypoglycemia is more common in diabetic patients who have made dietary changes and used anorexiant medications.
  • Diabetic patients should be cautious when using the drug, and must adjust their anti-diabetic medication, especially insulin and/or sulfonylurea, to avoid hypoglycemia.
• Renal impairment
  • Patients with kidney impairment are more likely to be exposed to drugs. This should be taken with caution.
  • It shouldn't be used in people with end-stage kidney disease who need hemodialysis or in those with severe renal impairment, such as those whose eGFR is fewer than 15 minutes.
• Seizure disorders
  • Patients with a history or seizures should avoid it.
• Tourette syndrome
  • Stimulant drugs can mask tics. Patients with Tourette syndrome should be cautious when using stimulants.

Phentermine: Drug Interaction

Note: Drug Interaction Categories:

• Risk Factor C: Monitor When Using Combination
• Risk Factor D: Consider Treatment Modification
• Risk Factor X: Avoid Concomitant Use

Monitoring parameters:

• Monitor weight every three months.
• Monitor blood pressure.

How to administer Phentermine?

• You should take it in the morning. Combining the drug with behavioral therapies and a low-calorie diet can result in significant weight loss.

Capsules and tablets (exclusion Lomaira)

• Tablets and capsules shouldn't be consumed before breakfast or within one to two hours of breakfast on an empty stomach.
• You can divide the tablets into two equal halves, and give two doses.

Tablet (Lomaira only):

• It needs to be taken 30 minutes before meals.
• The pills can be separated into two half since they are scored.

Orally disintegrating tablets (ODT):

• Dry hands should be used to hold the tablets on the tongue while you wait for them to dissolve.
• Then, it can be ingested either with or without water.
• You can take the pills with or without food.

Mechanism of action of Phentermine (Adipex-P):

• It is similar to amphetamines in pharmacological properties and acts as a sympathomimetic drug.It acts on the central nervous system to reduce appetite. 
• It stimulates the hypothalamus, and releases norepinephrine.

Absorption:

• It is easy to absorb.
• The absorption of the supplement is affected if it is taken with meals and, especially, with high-fat meals.
• Fasting conditions are not conducive to disintegrating tablets orally.

Protein binding:

• 17.5%

Metabolism:

• It is metabolized in the liver via p-hydroxylation (aromatic ring) and N-oxidation (alipthatic side chain).
• It is not extensively metabolized, however, the main enzyme responsible for its metabolism is CYP3A4.

Half-life elimination:

• About 20 hours

Time to peak:

• 3 - 4.4 hours

Excretion:

• It is excreted primarily in urine (62%-85% as unchanged drug)

International Brand Names of Phentermine:

• Adipex-P
• Lomaira
• Suprenza
• RHO-Phentermine
• Acxion
• Acxion AP
• Adipex
• Adipex Retard
• Duromine
• Furimin
• Ionamin
• Ionamine
• Metermine
• Mirapront
• Mirubal
• Normaform
• Panbesy
• Panbesy DCR
• Pender
• Phenkin
• Razin
• Redusa
• Redusa Forte
• Sinpet
• Supremin
• Terfamex
• Vitupen
• Weltmine

Phentermine Brand Names in Pakistan: