Hydrocodone acetaminophen (Lortab, Norco) - Uses, Dose, Side effects

Hydrocodone acetaminophen (Lortab, Norco) Pills contain two medications for the relief of mild to moderate pain and fever.

Hydrocodone acetaminophen Uses:

Pain management:
- It is used to relieve pain that is severe enough to need an opioid analgesic but not be adequately managed by other methods.
- Limitations of use:
  - Acute pain is typically best treated for 3 days or fewer, using the lowest effective dose, and seldom should treatment go longer than 7 days.
  - First-line treatment for chronic pain is nonpharmacologic and nonopioid pharmacologic, and prescriptions for opioids should be accompanied with clear goals for function and pain, as well as a discussion of risks and benefits with the candidate.

Hydrocodone acetaminophen Dose in Adults

Hydrocodone acetaminophen Dose in Pain management: Oral:

Note: Analysis of pain alleviation and negative outcomes should be done often. Individually titrate to a dose that offers sufficient analgesia and reduces negative effects. In patients who are not opioid-tolerant, the use of greater initial doses may result in deadly respiratory depression.

Dosage ranges (based on specific product labeling):
- The maximum dose of hydrocodone may be constrained by the amount of acetaminophen in the particular product. Hydrocodone is used in dosages ranging from 2.5 to 10 mg every 4 to 6 hours as needed.
- Acetaminophen should only be taken in doses no greater than 4 g per day.
- It is advised to take the lowest effective dose.
Discontinuation of therapy:
- The dose should be gradually reduced before terminating long-term opioid medication.
- There isn't yet a tapering schedule that is ideal for all patients.
- The suggested regimens include moderate decreases of 10% per week and quick reductions of 25% to 50% every few days.
- Tapering schedules should be individualized to minimize opioid withdrawal while considering patient-specific goals and concerns as well as the pharmacokinetics of the opioid being tapered.
- An even slower taper might be appropriate in patients who have been receiving opioids for a long duration (eg, years), particularly in the final stage of tapering, whereas more rapid tapers might be appropriate in patients experiencing severe adverse events.
- observe carefully for signs & symptoms of withdrawal.
- If the patient displays withdrawal symptoms, consider slowing the taper schedule. Alterations might include increasing the interval between the dose reductions, decreasing the amount of daily dose reduction, pausing the taper and reinitiating when the patient is ready, or coadministration of an alpha-2 agonist (eg, clonidine) to blunt withdrawal symptoms.
- Continue to offer nonopioid analgesics as required for pain management during the taper. Consider nonopioid adjunctive treatments for withdrawal symptoms (eg, GI complaints, and muscle spasm) as indicated.

Hydrocodone acetaminophen Dose in Children

Hydrocodone acetaminophen Dose for pain relief in opioid-naive patients:

Infants, Children, and Adolescents: Limited data available in infants and children <2 years:
The fact that doses are based on hydrocodone must be noted. To achieve the proper analgesic effect, titrate up.
- Patient weight: In patients with hepatic impairment or ethanol use, the maximum daily dose of acetaminophen should be restricted to less than 75 mg/kg/day administered in less than or equal to 5 split doses, and not to exceed 4000 mg/day.
  - <50 kg:
    - It is administered orally with the typical initial dose of 0.1–0.2 mg/kg/dose of hydrocodone every 4-6 hours.
    - Infants should be treated with lower doses and under close observation since they may be more sensitive to the effects of respiratory depressants. Infants should only be treated with caution.
  - ≥50 kg:
    - It is administered orally with the customary initial dose of 5–10 mg of hydrocodone every 4–6 hours.

Pregnancy Risk Factor C

[US Boxed Warning]: Long-term opioid use during pregnancy can cause neonatal withdrawal syndrome.
This condition can be fatal if it is not treated as per the protocols of neonatologists.
Pregnant women who are required to use opioids for prolonged periods of time should be informed about the risks of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome.
They also need to be provided with the necessary treatment.
Opioids can cross the placenta.

Use of hydrocodone or acetaminophen during breastfeeding

Breast milk can secrete hydrocodone and acetaminophen.
According to literature, when deciding whether to continue or stop breastfeeding during therapy, it should consider the risks of infant exposure, the benefits to the infant and the benefits to the mother.
See individual agents.

Dose in Kidney Disease:

There are no specific dose adjustments given in the literature.
Caution should be exercised.
Lower doses should be used to begin therapy, and it should be regularly watched.

Dose in Liver disease:

The manufacturer's labelling does not disclose any particular dosage modifications.
You should proceed with caution.
Lower doses should be used to begin therapy, and it should be regularly watched.

Side effects of Hydrocodone acetaminophen:

Cardiovascular:
- Bradycardia
- Cardiac Arrest
- Circulatory Shock
- Hypotension
Central Nervous System:
- Anxiety
- Clouding Of Consciousness
- Coma
- Dizziness
- Drowsiness
- Drug Dependence
- Dysphoria
- Euphoria
- Fear
- Lethargy
- Malaise
- Mental Deficiency
- Mood Changes
- Sedation
- Stupor
Dermatologic:
- Cold And Clammy Skin
- Diaphoresis
- Pruritus
- Skin Rash
Endocrine & Metabolic:
- Hypoglycemic Coma
Gastrointestinal:
- Abdominal Pain
- Constipation
- Gastric Distress
- Heartburn
- Nausea
- Occult Blood In Stools
- Peptic Ulcer
- Vomiting
Genitourinary:
- Nephrotoxicity
- Ureteral Spasm
- Urinary Retention
Hematologic & Oncologic:
- Agranulocytosis
- Hemolytic Anemia
- Iron Deficiency Anemia
- Prolonged Bleeding Time
- Thrombocytopenia
Hepatic:
- Hepatic Necrosis
- Hepatitis
Hypersensitivity:
- Hypersensitivity Reaction
Neuromuscular & Skeletal:
- Vesicle Sphincter Spasm
Otic:
- Hearing Loss (Chronic Overdose)
Renal:
- Renal Tubular Necrosis
Respiratory:
- Airway Obstruction
- Apnea
- Dyspnea
- Respiratory Depression (Dose Related)

Contraindications to Hydrocodone acetaminophen:

Hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis of hydrocodone, Acetaminophen or any component, are an absolute contraindication.
Respiratory depression is a serious problem.
Acute or severe bronchial asthma in an unmonitored setting, or without resuscitative devices.
Paralytic ileus, GI obstruction and other gastrointestinal problems are all possible.
It is rare to see evidence of cross-reactivity between opioids and allergenic opioids.
Cross-sensitivity is possible due to similarities in pharmacologic reactions.
Think of an opioid from a different structural class (e.g., phenylpiperidine or diphenylheptane).

Warnings and precautions

CNS depression:
- CNS depression can result, which could lead to mental or physical impairments.
- It is important to warn patients about tasks that require mental alertness, such as driving or operating machinery.
Constipation
- Patients with unstable angina or post-myocardial injury may experience constipation from hydrocodone.
- To reduce constipation, consider preventive measures such as stool softeners or increased fiber.
Hepatotoxicity: [US Boxed Warning]
- Acute liver disease instances associated with acetaminophen have occasionally required liver transplantation and resulted in mortality.
- The majority of liver injury cases include the use of more than four grammes of acetaminophen per day, and they frequently involve multiple acetaminophen-containing products.
- Preexisting liver disease and alcohol consumption are both risk factors that increase greatly.
- Some patients have suffered liver damage from chronic daily doses of alcohol in their adult lives.
Hypersensitivity and anaphylactic reactions
- Acetaminophen has been linked to anaphylactic and hypersensitivity reactions.
- If you experience symptoms of an allergic reaction or hypersensitivity, stop using Acetaminophen immediately.
Hypotension
- Use of it can lead to severe hypotension, orthostatic hypotension, and syncope.
- Patients with hypovolemia, heart disease (including acute MI), and drugs that can exaggerate hypotensive effects such as phenothiazines and general anesthetics should be cautious.
- After dose titration or initiation, monitor for hypotension symptoms.
- Patients with circulatory shock should not use this product.
Phenanthrene hypersensitivity:
- Patients with hypersensitivity reactions to other opioid agonists phenanthrene derivatives (codeine/hydromorphone, levorphanol/oxycodone, and oxymorphone) should be cautious.
Respiratory depression [US Boxed Warning]
- It is possible to develop severe, life-threatening or fatal respiratory depression.
- Monitor your respiratory health closely, especially when you are initiating or increasing the dose.
- The sedating effects of opioids can be exacerbated by carbon dioxide retention due to opioid-induced respiratory depression.
Reactions to skin:
- Acetaminophen can cause severe and possibly fatal skin reactions, such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome, acute generalized exanthematous pustulsis, and toxic epidermal necrolysis.
- If severe reactions occur, you should not treat them.
Conditions abdominales:
- It can make it difficult to diagnose or follow the clinical course of acute abdominal conditions.
- Patients with intestinal motility disorders should be cautious. This could cause constipation, or obstructive intestinal disease.
- It is not recommended for use in the presence of GI obstruction or paralytic ileus.
Adrenocortical Insufficiency
- Patients with adrenocortical impairment, including Addison disease, should be cautious.
- Long-term opioid abuse can lead to secondary hypogonadism. This could cause infertility, sexual dysfunction, mood disorders, and osteoporosis.
Insufficiency of the biliary tract:
- Patients with acute pancreatitis or biliary dysfunction should be cautious. Opioids could cause constriction in the sphincter Oddi.
CNS depression/coma:
- Patients with impaired consciousness and coma should not use it.
- These patients are more susceptible to the intracranial effects CO retention.
Delirium tremens:
- Patients with delirium-tremens should be used with caution.
Use of ethanol:
- Patients with alcoholic liver disease should be cautious.
- The chance of developing liver damage may increase if you consume more than three alcoholic beverages each week.
G6PD deficiency:
- Patients with a G6PD deficiency should use acetaminophen with caution.
Head trauma
- Patients with intracranial injuries, intracranial lesion or elevated intracranial pressure should exercise caution. An exaggerated elevation in ICP could occur.
Hepatic impairment
- Patients with hepatic impairment should be cautious.
Mental health conditions
- Patients with mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder should be cautious when using opioids for chronic pain.
- There is a greater risk of opioid overdose and opioid use disorder. It is important to have regular and strict monitoring.
Obesity:
- Patients who are obese or morbidly so should exercise caution.
Prostatic hyperplasia/urinary restriction:
- Patients with prostatic hyperplasia or urinary stricture should be cautious.
Psychosis:
- Patients with toxic psychosis should be treated with caution.
Renal impairment
- Patients with impaired renal function should not use it.
Respiratory disease
- Patients with severe chronic obstructive lung disease (or cor pulmonale) should be cautious when using opioids.
- Also, it is important to monitor for respiratory depression in patients who have a significantly decreased respiratory reserve, hypoxia or hypercapnia or those with preexisting respiratory depression.
- Even at therapeutic doses, critical respiratory depression can occur.
- These patients should consider non-opioid alternatives.
- Patients with severe or acute bronchial asthma should not use it in an unmonitored environment or without resuscitative equipment.
Seizures:
- Patients with seizure disorders should be cautious. It may cause or exacerbate seizures.
Sleep-disordered breathing
- Patients with sleep-disordered breathing risk factors, such as HF or obesity, should be treated with opioids.
- Patients with severe or moderate sleep-disordered breathing should avoid opioids
Thyroid dysfunction:
- Patients with thyroid dysfunction should exercise caution.

Hydrocodone and acetaminophen (paracetamol): Drug Interaction

Risk Factor C (Monitor therapy)
Alizapride	May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants.
Amphetamines	May enhance the analgesic effect of Opioid Agonists.
Anticholinergic Agents	May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Opioid Agonists. Specifically, the risk for constipation and urinary retention may be increased with this combination.
Aprepitant	May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors).
Bosentan	May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers).
Brimonidine (Topical)	May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants.
Bromopride	May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants.
Busulfan	Acetaminophen may increase the serum concentration of Busulfan.
Cannabidiol	May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants.
Cannabis	May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants.
CarBAMazepine	May increase the metabolism of Acetaminophen. This may 1) diminish the effect of acetaminophen; and 2) increase the risk of liver damage.
Chlorphenesin Carbamate	May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of CNS Depressants.
Clofazimine	May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors).
CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong)	May decrease serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of HYDROcodone. Specifically, concentrations of hydromorphone may be decreased.
CYP3A4 Inducers (Moderate)	May decrease the serum concentration of HYDROcodone.
CYP3A4 Inducers (Strong)	May decrease the serum concentration of HYDROcodone.
CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Moderate)	May increase the serum concentration of HYDROcodone.
CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Strong)	May increase the serum concentration of HYDROcodone.
Dapsone (Topical)	May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Methemoglobinemia Associated Agents.
Deferasirox	May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers).
Desmopressin	Opioid Agonists may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Desmopressin.
Dimethindene (Topical)	May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants.
Diuretics	Opioid Agonists may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Diuretics. Opioid Agonists may diminish the therapeutic effect of Diuretics.
Dronabinol	May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants.
Duvelisib	May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors).
Erdafitinib	May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers).
Erdafitinib	May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors).
Flucloxacillin	Acetaminophen's negative or hazardous effects might be exacerbated. Particularly, there may be an elevated risk for large anion gap metabolic acidosis.
Fosaprepitant	May elevate CYP3A4 substrates' serum concentration (High risk with Inhibitors).
Fosnetupitant	May elevate CYP3A4 substrates' serum concentration (High risk with Inhibitors).
Fosphenytoin-Phenytoin	May lower the level of acetaminophen in the blood. In particular, serum acetaminophen levels may drop (resulting in lower efficacy), but the production of the hazardous N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) metabolite may rise (leading to increased hepatotoxicity).
Gastrointestinal Agents (Prokinetic)	Gastrointestinal agents' therapeutic effects could be lessened by opioid agonists (Prokinetic).
Imatinib	Acetaminophen may intensify Imatinib's hepatotoxic effects.
Isoniazid	Acetaminophen's negative or hazardous effects might be exacerbated.
Ivosidenib	May lower the serum level of CYP3A4 substrates (High risk with Inducers).
Kava Kava	CNS depressants' harmful or toxic effects could be increased.
Larotrectinib	May elevate CYP3A4 substrates' serum concentration (High risk with Inhibitors).
Local Anesthetics	The harmful or toxic effects of local anaesthetics may be increased by methemoglobinemia associated agents. In particular, there may be an elevated risk for methemoglobinemia.
Lofexidine	CNS depressants may have an enhanced CNS depressant impact. Management: Separate drug interaction monographs go into further detail about the medications indicated as exceptions to this book.
Magnesium Sulfate	Acetaminophen serum concentration can rise. More crucially, metyrapone may change the metabolism of acetaminophen towards the oxidative pathway, which results in a hepatotoxic metabolite. This is because it inhibits the conjugative route of metabolism.
MetyroSINE	The sedative effects of metyroSINE may be strengthened by CNS depressants.
Minocycline	CNS depressants may have an enhanced CNS depressant impact.
Mipomersen	Acetaminophen may intensify Mipomersen's hepatotoxic effects.
Nabilone	CNS depressants may have an enhanced CNS depressant impact.
Netupitant	May elevate CYP3A4 substrates' serum concentration (High risk with Inhibitors).
Nitric Oxide	May intensify the harmful/toxic effects of agents associated with methemoglobinemia. Combinations of these medications may make substantial methemoglobinemia more likely. Management: When nitric oxide is administered in conjunction with other medications that can cause methemoglobinemia, keep an eye out for any symptoms in your patients that can indicate methemoglobinemia, such as hypoxia and cyanosis. Do not use lidocaine or prilocaine.
Pegvisomant	Opioid antagonists may lessen Pegvisomant's therapeutic efficacy.
Phenylephrine (Systemic)	Phenylephrine's serum levels may rise after the use of acetaminophen (Systemic).
Piribedil	Piribedil's CNS depressing effects may be enhanced by other CNS depressants.
Pramipexole	The sedative effects of pramipexole might be enhanced by CNS depressants.
Prilocaine	Methemoglobinemia Related Agents may intensify Prilocaine's harmful or toxic effects. Combinations of these medications may make substantial methemoglobinemia more likely. Monitoring patients for methemoglobinemia symptoms (such as hypoxia and cyanosis) is necessary when prilocaine is used with other medications that can cause methemoglobinemia in patients. When giving these medicines to newborns, avoid using lidocaine or prilocaine.
Ramosetron	Ramosetron's tendency to induce constipation may be increased by opioid agonists.
ROPINIRole	The sedative effects of CNS depressants may increase those of ROPINIRole.
Rotigotine	Rotigotine's sedative effects may be boosted by CNS depressants.
Rufinamide	CNS depressants' harmful or toxic effects could be increased. Particularly, drowsiness and lightheadedness could be worsened.
Sarilumab	May lower the serum level of CYP3A4 substrates (High risk with Inducers).
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors	Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may have a worsened or more hazardous effect when taken with CNS depressants. Particularly, the potential for psychomotor impairment
Serotonin Modulators	Serotonin Modulators' serotonergic effects may be strengthened by opioid agonists. Serotonin syndrome might occur from this. The exception is nigroline.
Siltuximab	May lower the serum level of CYP3A4 substrates (High risk with Inducers).
Simeprevir	May elevate CYP3A4 substrates' serum concentration (High risk with Inhibitors).
Sodium Nitrite	The harmful or toxic effects of sodium nitrite may be amplified by methemoglobinemia-associated agents. Combinations of these medications may make substantial methemoglobinemia more likely.
Succinylcholine	May enhance the bradycardic effect of Opioid Agonists.
Tetrahydrocannabinol	May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants.
Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol	May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants.
Tocilizumab	May lower the serum level of CYP3A4 substrates (High risk with Inducers).
Vitamin K Antagonists (eg, warfarin)	The anticoagulant action of vitamin K antagonists may be enhanced by acetaminophen. This seems most likely when taking acetaminophen at levels above 1.3 or 2 g/day for several days in a row.
Risk Factor D (Consider therapy modification)
Alvimopan	Opioid Agonists may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Alvimopan. This is most notable for patients receiving long-term (i.e., more than 7 days) opiates prior to alvimopan initiation. Management: Alvimopan is contraindicated in patients receiving therapeutic doses of opioids for more than 7 consecutive days immediately prior to alvimopan initiation.
Blonanserin	CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Blonanserin.
Chlormethiazole	May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: Monitor closely for evidence of excessive CNS depression. The chlormethiazole labeling states that an appropriately reduced dose should be used if such a combination must be used.
CNS Depressants	May enhance the CNS depressant effect of HYDROcodone. Management: Avoid concomitant use of hydrocodone and benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants when possible. These agents should only be combined if alternative treatment options are inadequate. If combined, limit the dosages and duration of each drug.
Dabrafenib	May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Management: Seek alternatives to the CYP3A4 substrate when possible. If concomitant therapy cannot be avoided, monitor clinical effects of the substrate closely (particularly therapeutic effects).
Dasatinib	Acetaminophen may enhance the hepatotoxic effect of Dasatinib. Dasatinib may increase the serum concentration of Acetaminophen.
Droperidol	May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: Consider dose reductions of droperidol or of other CNS agents (eg, opioids, barbiturates) with concomitant use. Exceptions to this monograph are discussed in further detail in separate drug interaction monographs.
Enzalutamide	May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Management: Concurrent use of enzalutamide with CYP3A4 substrates that have a narrow therapeutic index should be avoided. Use of enzalutamide and any other CYP3A4 substrate should be performed with caution and close monitoring.
Flunitrazepam	CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Flunitrazepam.
Lorlatinib	May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Management: Avoid concurrent use of lorlatinib with any CYP3A4 substrates for which a minimal decrease in serum concentrations of the CYP3A4 substrate could lead to therapeutic failure and serious clinical consequences.
Methotrimeprazine	CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Methotrimeprazine. Methotrimeprazine may enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: Reduce adult dose of CNS depressant agents by 50% with initiation of concomitant methotrimeprazine therapy. Further CNS depressant dosage adjustments should be initiated only after clinically effective methotrimeprazine dose is established.
MiFEPRIStone	May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Management: Minimize doses of CYP3A4 substrates, and monitor for increased concentrations/toxicity, during and 2 weeks following treatment with mifepristone. Avoid cyclosporine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, fentanyl, pimozide, quinidine, sirolimus, and tacrolimus.
Mitotane	May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Management: Doses of CYP3A4 substrates may need to be adjusted substantially when used in patients being treated with mitotane.
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors	May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of HYDROcodone. Management: Consider alternatives to this combination when possible.
Nalmefene	May diminish the therapeutic effect of Opioid Agonists. Management: Avoid the concomitant use of nalmefene and opioid agonists. Discontinue nalmefene 1 week prior to any anticipated use of opioid agonistss. If combined, larger doses of opioid agonists will likely be required.
Naltrexone	May diminish the therapeutic effect of Opioid Agonists. Management: Seek therapeutic alternatives to opioids. See full drug interaction monograph for detailed recommendations.
Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir, and Ritonavir	May increase the serum concentration of HYDROcodone. Management: Reduce the hydrocodone dose by 50% during concurrent use of ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir; monitor closely for both analgesic effectiveness and for signs of toxicity or withdrawal.
Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir, Ritonavir, and Dasabuvir	May increase the serum concentration of HYDROcodone. Management: Reduce the hydrocodone dose by 50% during concurrent use of ombitasvir, paritaprevir, ritonavir, and dasabuvir; monitor closely for both analgesic effectiveness and for signs of toxicity or withdrawal.
OxyCODONE	CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of OxyCODONE. Management: Avoid concomitant use of oxycodone and benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants when possible. These agents should only be combined if alternative treatment options are inadequate. If combined, limit the dosages and duration of each drug.
Perampanel	May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: Patients taking perampanel with any other drug that has CNS depressant activities should avoid complex and high-risk activities, particularly those such as driving that require alertness and coordination, until they have experience using the combination.
PHENobarbital	May enhance the CNS depressant effect of HYDROcodone. PHENobarbital may decrease the serum concentration of HYDROcodone. Management: Avoid use of hydrocodone and phenobarbital when possible. Monitor for respiratory depression/sedation. Because phenobarbital is also a strong CYP3A4 inducer, monitor for decreased hydrocodone efficacy and withdrawal if combined.
Pitolisant	May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Management: Combined use of pitolisant with a CYP3A4 substrate that has a narrow therapeutic index should be avoided. Other CYP3A4 substrates should be monitored more closely when used with pitolisant.
Primidone	May intensify HYDROcodone's CNS depressive effects. The serum concentration of HYDROcodone may drop while taking primidone. Management: When feasible, refrain from using primidone and hydrocodone. Check for sedation or respiratory depression. In cases where primidone is taken with hydrocodone, keep an eye out for withdrawal symptoms as primidone is a potent CYP3A4 inducer.
Probenecid	Acetaminophen serum concentration can rise. Moreover, probenecid may reduce the production of at least one significant non-toxic metabolite, potentially raising the risk of the toxic NAPQI metabolite's production.
Sincalide	Drugs that Affect Gallbladder Function may diminish the therapeutic effect of Sincalide. Management: Consider discontinuing drugs that may affect gallbladder motility prior to the use of sincalide to stimulate gallbladder contraction.
Sodium Oxybate	May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: Consider alternatives to combined use. When combined use is needed, consider minimizing doses of one or more drugs. Use of sodium oxybate with alcohol or sedative hypnotics is contraindicated.
SORAfenib	Acetaminophen may intensify SORAfenib's hepatotoxic effects. Acetaminophen serum levels may rise in response to SORAfenib.
St John's Wort	May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Management: Consider an alternative for one of the interacting drugs. Some combinations may be specifically contraindicated. Consult appropriate manufacturer labeling.
Stiripentol	May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Management: Use of stiripentol with CYP3A4 substrates that are considered to have a narrow therapeutic index should be avoided due to the increased risk for adverse effects and toxicity. Any CYP3A4 substrate used with stiripentol requires closer monitoring.
Suvorexant	CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Suvorexant. Management: Dose reduction of suvorexant and/or any other CNS depressant may be necessary. Use of suvorexant with alcohol is not recommended, and the use of suvorexant with any other drug to treat insomnia is not recommended.
Tapentadol	May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: Avoid concomitant use of tapentadol and benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants when possible. These agents should only be combined if alternative treatment options are inadequate. If combined, limit the dosages and duration of each drug.
Zolpidem	CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Zolpidem. Management: Reduce the Intermezzo brand sublingual zolpidem adult dose to 1.75 mg for men who are also receiving other CNS depressants. No such dose change is recommended for women. Avoid use with other CNS depressants at bedtime; avoid use with alcohol.
Risk Factor X (Avoid combination)
Alcohol (Ethyl)	May enhance the CNS depressant effect of HYDROcodone. Alcohol (Ethyl) may increase the serum concentration of HYDROcodone. Management: Patients using the Zohydro ER brand of extended-release hydrocodone must not consume alcohol or alcohol-containing products due to possibly fatal outcomes. Other hydrocodone products are also expected to interact, but to a less significant degree.
Azelastine (Nasal)	CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Azelastine (Nasal).
Bromperidol	May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants.
Conivaptan	May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors).
Eluxadoline	Opioid Agonists may enhance the constipating effect of Eluxadoline.
Fusidic Acid (Systemic)	May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors).
Idelalisib	May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors).
Opioids (Mixed Agonist / Antagonist)	May diminish the analgesic effect of Opioid Agonists. Management: Seek alternatives to mixed agonist/antagonist opioids in patients receiving pure opioid agonists, and monitor for symptoms of therapeutic failure/high dose requirements (or withdrawal in opioid-dependent patients) if patients receive these combinations.
Orphenadrine	CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Orphenadrine.
Oxomemazine	May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants.
Palbociclib	May elevate CYP3A4 substrates' serum concentration (High risk with Inhibitors)
Paraldehyde	The CNS depressing effects of paraldehyde may be enhanced by CNS depressants.
Thalidomide	The CNS depressing effects of paraldehyde may be enhanced by CNS depressants.

Monitoring parameters:

It can be used to relieve pain, improve respiratory and mental health, and lower blood pressure.
Bowel function.
The signs and symptoms of abuse, misuse, or addiction.
Signs and symptoms of hypogonadism/hypoadrenalism

Alternate suggestions: Chronic pain is a long-term treatment that does not involve active cancer treatment or end-of life care.

Assess the benefits and risks of opioid therapy within one to four weeks after treatment initiation. Dose increases are also considered.
Patients at higher risk for overdose or those with opioid addiction should be re-evaluated every three months.
Prior to initiating treatment, it is preferable to have your urine tested for drug use.
Re-checking should occur at least once a year (includes prescription drugs and illegal drugs of abuse).
Clinicians should review the state prescription drug monitoring program data prior to therapy initiation, and every three months thereafter (frequency ranges from every prescription to every 3 month).

How to administer Hydrocodone acetaminophen (Lortab, Norco)?

I may be taken without regard to meals.

Mechanism of action of Hydrocodone acetaminophen (Lortab, Norco):

Hydrocodone

Binds to the CNS's opiate receptors, altering pain perception and response.
It reduces the symptoms of cough in the medullary centre. It causes generalized CNS depression.

Acetaminophen

The CNS activates descending serotonergic inhibitory channels in the CNS, which are not yet fully understood.
Smith 2009 suggests that there may also be interactions with other nociceptive system (Smith 2009).
The hypothalamic heat-regulating centre is inhibited, which produces antipyresis.

You can also contact individual agents.

Acetaminophen:

Refer to the Acetaminophen monograph.

Hydrocodone:

Metabolism:
- It is a liver-friendly organism.
- N-demethylation via CYP3A4 is to norhydrocodone, the major metabolite; O-demethylation via primarily CYP2D6 and hydromorphone; and 40% metabolism/clearance takes place via non-CYP pathways, such as 6-ketosteroid decrease to 6-alpha-hydrocol or 6-betahydrocol and other elimination pathways. Hydromorphone, the major active metabolite, has a 10-to 33-fold or (eg faecal and biliary, renal, renal).
Half-life elimination:
- ~4 hours
Time to peak, serum:
- ~1 hour
Excretion:
- Urine (26% of a single dose in 72 hours, with ~12% as unchanged drug, 5% as norhydrocodone, 4% as conjugated hydrocodone, 3% as 6-hydrocodol, and 0.21% as conjugated 6-hydromorphol.

International Brands of Hydrocodone acetaminophen:

Hycet
Lorcet
Lorcet HD
Lorcet Plus
Lortab
Norco
Verdrocet
Vicodin
Vicodin ES
Vicodin HP
Xodol 10/300
Xodol 5/300
Xodol 7.5/300
Zamicet
Hycodone
Kodone
Sinalgen

Hydrocodone acetaminophen Brand Names in Pakistan:

No Brands Available in Pakistan.

Hydrocodone acetaminophen (Lortab, Norco) - Uses, Dose, Side effects

Hydrocodone acetaminophen Uses:

Pain management:

Hydrocodone acetaminophen Dose in Adults

Hydrocodone acetaminophen Dose in Pain management: Oral:

Dosage ranges (based on specific product labeling):

Discontinuation of therapy:

Hydrocodone acetaminophen Dose in Children

Hydrocodone acetaminophen Dose for pain relief in opioid-naive patients:

Infants, Children, and Adolescents: Limited data available in infants and children <2 years:

Pregnancy Risk Factor C

Dose in Kidney Disease:

Dose in Liver disease:

Side effects of Hydrocodone acetaminophen:

Cardiovascular:

Central Nervous System:

Dermatologic:

Endocrine & Metabolic:

Gastrointestinal:

Genitourinary:

Hematologic & Oncologic:

Hepatic:

Hypersensitivity:

Neuromuscular & Skeletal:

Otic:

Renal:

Respiratory:

Contraindications to Hydrocodone acetaminophen:

Warnings and precautions

CNS depression:

Constipation

Hepatotoxicity: [US Boxed Warning]

Hypersensitivity and anaphylactic reactions

Hypotension

Phenanthrene hypersensitivity:

Respiratory depression [US Boxed Warning]

Reactions to skin:

Conditions abdominales:

Adrenocortical Insufficiency

Insufficiency of the biliary tract:

CNS depression/coma:

Delirium tremens:

Use of ethanol:

G6PD deficiency:

Head trauma

Hepatic impairment

Mental health conditions

Obesity:

Prostatic hyperplasia/urinary restriction:

Psychosis:

Renal impairment

Respiratory disease

Seizures:

Sleep-disordered breathing

Thyroid dysfunction:

Monitoring parameters:

How to administer Hydrocodone acetaminophen (Lortab, Norco)?

Mechanism of action of Hydrocodone acetaminophen (Lortab, Norco):

International Brands of Hydrocodone acetaminophen:

Hydrocodone acetaminophen Brand Names in Pakistan:

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