Inactive Polio Vaccine is mostly used in the developed world as it does not increase the risk of poliomyelitis in the vaccinated individual, unlike the oral Polio Vaccine. On the other hand, it is available only in the injectable formulation and is not used to induce herd immunity.

Inactive Polio Vaccine Uses:

• Poliovirus prevention:
  • Active vaccination against poliomyelitis caused by types 1, 2, and 3 of the poliovirus in newborns (6 weeks on US labels; 2 months on Canadian labels), kids, teenagers, and adults.
    • Infants (as early as 6 weeks), children, adolescents, and adults are all listed on US labels.
    • Infants (as young as two months), kids, teens, and adults are all included in the Canadian labelling.
  • The following is counselled by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP):
    • (CDC/ACIP, 58[30] 2009) All newborns and children (the first dosage is administered at 2 months of age).
  • In the United States, it is not often advised to immunise adults.
  • If an adult who has had poliovirus illness in the past falls into one of the following groups (CDC/ACIP [Prevots 2000]), they may get the inactivated poliovirus vaccine:
    • Visitors to areas or nations where poliomyelitis is widespread or prevalent
    • Medical staff in close proximity to patients who may be excreting the poliovirus
    • Handling poliovirus-possible specimens by laboratory personnel
    • Community members or members of certain demographic groupings that have infections brought on by the wild poliovirus
    • Adults who are partially or totally unvaccinated who live with children or have other close contact with them may be at risk for oral poliovirus infection (may be at increased risk of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis)

Dose and schedule:

Dose in adults for immunization: IM, SubQ:

• Previously unvaccinated:
  • 3 doses total, 0.5 mL each, should be administered as follows:
    • Two 0.5 mL doses are given at 1- to 2-month intervals, and a third dosage is given between 6 and 12 months afterwards.
    • Three doses may be given at least a month apart, but if more than three months pass before protection is required, at least two doses may be given.
    • Give two doses at least one month apart if the administration must be finished in one to two months.
    • Give 1 dosage if a month is available.
• Completely vaccinated and at increased risk of exposure:
  • One 0.5 mL dose
• Incompletely vaccinated:
  • Give at least one 0.5 mL dosage of IPV to adults who have received at least one dose of OPV, three or more doses of IPV, or a combination of OPV and IPV totaling three doses.
  • If time allows, further doses might be given to finish the sequence.

Vaccine Dose in children for primary immunization:

Note: Only when the receiver of the vaccination is in urgent danger of coming into contact with circulating poliovirus should the minimum age and minimum intervals (four weeks) during the first six months of life be used.

• Infants and Children 6 weeks to 47 months:
  • IM, SubQ:
    • 3 doses totalling 0.5 mL each were given as follows:
      2 months, 4 months, and between 6 and 18 months

Vaccine Dose as Booster immunization:

• Children 4-6 years:
  • IM, SubQ:
    • 0.5 mL in one dosage, given at least six months after the prior dose

Dose as Catch-up immunization:

• Infants, Children, and Adolescents 4 months to 18 years:

Note: Refer to the most recent vaccination recommendations for the precise schedule and timing of the dosage based on the patient's age and the previous number of doses. If doses have already been administered (OPV and/or IPV), do not continue the series.

• IM, SubQ:
  • 0.5 mL each dosage, up to a maximum of 4 doses.

Pregnancy Risk Category: C

• Animal reproduction has not been the subject of studies.
• Although IPV has not caused any harm to pregnant women or their foetuses, it is still advised to avoid immunising pregnant women.
• Pregnant women who require immediate protection from polio and are more likely to contract the disease may be given the vaccination.

Poliovirus vaccine use during breastfeeding:

• Breastfeeding has no negative impacts on either the mother or the child.
• Infants who are being breastfed should receive their recommended schedule of vaccinations.

Dose in Kidney Disease:

• The manufacturer did not disclose any dose modifications.

Dose in Liver disease:

• The manufacturer did not disclose any dose modifications.

percentages detected 48 hours after injection and with concurrent administration of the DTP or DTaP vaccination.

Common Side Effects:

• Gastrointestinal:
  • Anorexia
• Central Nervous System:
  • Irritability
  • Fatigue
• Local:
  • Tenderness At Injection Site
  • Swelling At Injection Site

Less Common Side Effects:

• Gastrointestinal:
  • Vomiting
• Central Nervous System:
  • Excessive Crying
• Local:
  • Erythema At Injection Site
• Miscellaneous:
  • Fever

Contraindications:

• Intolerance to any vaccine ingredient, including formaldehyde, neomycin, streptomycin, and polymyxin B;
• Within 24 hours of receiving one dose of the vaccine, anaphylaxis and anaphylactic shock may develop.
• Febrile sickness that is acute (except minor illness with or sans low-grade fever).

Warnings and precautions

•  
• Syncope
  • Injectable immunizations have the potential to induce syncope. It usually appears in teenagers and young adults within 15 minutes following immunisation.
• Bleeding disorders:
  • Patients with thrombocytopenia and other bleeding problems need to exercise caution. Hemorrhage or bleeding from injections is possible.
  • Plan an IM injection within a few hours if the patient has undergone antihemophilic treatment or another comparable therapy.
• Acute illness
  • Patients who have a severe or moderate acute sickness and a fever may postpone treatment. However, people with minor acute diseases can receive it (with or with no fever)
• Anaphylactoid/hypersensitivity reactions:
  • Make sure that there is emergency access to therapy (including 1 mg/mL epinephrine) for anaphylactic and/or hypersensitive responses.
• Polio infection:
  • Patients who have previously had clinical poliomyelitis (PCP) or who have not received the entire course of oral poliovirus immunisation may be given inactive poliovirus vaccine (OPV).

Monitoring parameters:

• After administration, monitor for anaphylaxis and syncope for 15 minutes.
• Keep the patient in a supine or Trendelenburg posture if seizure-like behaviour associated with syncope occurs to preserve appropriate cerebral perfusion.

How to administer an Inactive Polio Vaccine?

• It is intended for IM or SubQ administration only. IV administration should be avoided.
• Use different needles and syringes for each injection; do not combine them with other injections or immunizations.
• Patients were immunised while seated or lying down to avoid any potential harm from syncope.
• ImovaxPolio (Canadian product), shake well before use.
• Only deliver intramuscularly if acceptable safety can be established due to the potential of bleeding in certain individuals after intramuscular injection. Intramuscular vaccinations can be planned for individuals receiving antihemophilic or other such medication once such therapy is provided.
• For the immunisation, use a tiny needle (23 gauge or smaller) and apply firm pressure for at least 2 minutes (without rubbing).
• Educate patients regarding the risk of hematoma at the injection site.
• Patients on anticoagulant therapy should be treated the same as those with clotting factor disorders.

Mechanism of action of Inactive Polio Vaccine:

• The poliovirus vaccine, an inactivated virus vaccination, offers active protection against infection with poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3.

International Brands of Inactive Polio Vaccine:

• IPOL
• Imovax Polio
• Opvero
• Polio Salk "Sero"
• Polprotec

Inactive Polio Vaccine Brand Names in Pakistan:

No Brands Available in Pakistan.